ANCIENT SOURCES
LITERARY SOURCES
Author	Strabo
Title	Geography, book V, 1.2
Notes	Between Rimini and Ravenna, the Adriatic forms a significant curve.
Author	Strabo
Title	Geography  book V, 1.7
Notes	Founded by the Tessali and, then, inhabited by the Umbrians, Ravenna is the biggest city located among the marshes. In fact it is built over the water. There, people move with bridges and boats, but the tide ensures water replacement and makes of it an extremely healthy place.
Author	Strabo
Title	Geography, book V, 2.1 and 10
Notes	Ravenna is part of the area formerly occupied by the Umbrians and which is still today called Umbria (V century B.C.).
Author	Strabo
Title	Geography, book V, 1.11
Notes	Ravenna is among the most important cities of the Cispadana (I century B.C.).
Author	Vitruvius
Title	De architectura, book I, 4.11
Notes	Although located at a short distance from the swamps, the Gallic cities such as Ravenna have a healthy climate due the nearness of the sea (I century. B.C.).
Author	Vitruvius
Title	De architectura, book II, 9.11
Notes	The buildings of Ravenna are founded over alder palisades; this is the secret of their resistance to water and endurance  (I century B.C.).
Author	Vitruvius
Title	De architectura, Book II, 9.16
Notes	Going through the Po River, the wood called larignum, which comes from the homonymous castellum of Larigno and with good building properties, arrives to Ravenna (I century B.C.).
Author	Pliny the Elder
Title	Naturalis Historia, book III, 20.115
Notes	Ravenna, fortress of the Sabini - Sabines, along with the Bedese river is part of the VIII regio (I century A.D.).
Author	Pliny the Elder
Title	Naturalis Historiae, book III, 21.119
Notes	Ravenna is the terminal of the Augusta hollow, which starts from the Po river. In the city it is known as Padusa, but once it was called Messanicus (I century A.D.).
Author	Pliny the Elder
Title	Naturalis Historiae, book III, 22.127
Notes	Ravenna was considered as Italy’s ancient border before it was  displaced to Istria (I cent. A.D.)
Author	Pliny the Elder
Title	Naturalis Historia, book VI, 218
Notes	Ravenna is located on the  “seventh parallel” (I century A.D.)
Author	Pliny the Elder
Title	Naturalis Historia, book XXXVI, 18.83
Notes	Ravenna is a good example of a lighthouse which warns against the harbour entrance as well as against the shallows located nearby (I century A.D.)
Author	Silius Italicus
Title	Punica, book VIII, 601-602
Notes	Poetical mention of Ravenna’s swamp and pond waters  (I cent. A.D.).
Author	Dio Cassius
Title	Roman History,  book LX, 33
Notes	The Po River forms in Ravenna a favourable harbour, with a capacity of 250 boats (I-III cent. A.D.).
Author	Vegetius
Title	Epitome rei militaris, book IV, 31-32
Notes	One of two fleets was settled in Ravenna;  it could reach the eastern zones rapidly and was guided by a fleet prefect (I-III cent. A.D.).
Author	---
Title	Imperatoris Antonini Augusti itineraria provinciarum et maritimum, 126.6
Notes	Ravenna is located along the itinerary which links Rimini with Aquileia: from this point a boat should be used to get over the septem maria.
Author	---
Title	Tabula Peutingeriana, segment V, 1
Notes	Ravenna is the main city of the region, along the coast way between Rimini and  Altino, going through Butrium (at six miles) and Ad Novas (eleven miles), at the beginning of Po’s  way, that it reaches at Ostiglia.
Author	Zosimus
Title	New History, book V, 27.1
Notes	Ravenna, the capital city of the Flaminia province, was founded by the Thessalians under the name of Rene because it was surrounded by water. Therefore it was not founded by Remo.
Author	Procopius of Caesarea
Title	History of wars, book V, 1.15-23
Notes	Ravenna is a little far away from the Ionic Gulf, of which it constitutes an extremity, and well tight up by the surrounding waters;  because of tides, at morning, it becomes accessible to many cargo boats but during the rest of the day these must remain far away off-shore (V-VI cent. A.D.).
Author	Procopius of Caesarea
Title	History of wars, book V, 15.19-26
Notes	Ravenna, where the Ionic gulf terminates, is about eight days of walk from the Tyrrhenian sea and on the border between the territory settled by the Piceni at the south and Venice at the north;  the Liguri live behind it.
Author	Jordanes
Title	De Origine Actibusque Getarum, 148
Notes	Ravenna is located between the Po river, the sea and the marshes and it is like an island between the waters that flow over the Ionic sea; its ancient possessors were called “laudable”.
Author	Jordanes
Title	De Origine Actibusque Getarum, 149
Notes	Ravenna can be reached by boat from Corfu and Greece and with oars from other parts. To the west it is surrounded by the inaccessible marshes and to the North by the Asconis hollow.
Author	Jordanes
Title	De Origine Actibusque Getarum, 150
Notes	The Po river surrounds Ravenna also from the south thanks to the channel built by Augustus, at the end of which a large harbour was located. According to the historian Dio Cassius once it could host 250 boats.
Author	---
Title	Ravennatis Anonymi Cosmographia, I, 17
Notes	Ravenna is located on the so-called western gulf.
Author	----
Title	Ravennatis Anonymi Cosmographia, IV, 31
Notes	Ravenna is a very noble town and the mother-country of the Author. It is located after Adria, immediately before Cesarea and Classe.
Author	----
Title	Ravennatis Anonymi Cosmographia, IV, 36
Notes	Some branches of the Po river reach the sea lapping on Ravenna.
Author	---
Title	Ravennatis Anonymi Cosmographia, V, 1 e 14
Notes	Ravenna is the datum point of the coastal cities of the Adriatic.
Author	Guy of Ravenna
Title	Geographica, 20
Notes	Ravenna is the main littoral town, situated between Adria, Cesarea and Classe where the Author displays his works.
Author	Guy of Ravenna
Title	Geographica, 21
Notes	Cesarea and Classe are located immediately after Ravenna following the order of the coastal Italian cities.
Author	Guy of Ravenna
Title	Geographica, 66
Notes	Ravenna is the main city of Flaminia. The remains of the martyr Apollinaris can be found there.
Author	Guy of Ravenna
Title	Geographica, 69 e 117
Notes	Ravenna is the starting point of the coastal towns of Italy, after which Cesarea and Classe come; it is also the point of arrival for the coastal cities of the Eastern Adriatic.
Author	Guy of Ravenna
Title	Geographica, 72
Notes	Between Ravenna and Reggio Calabria there are seventy-seven coastal towns along one thousand and two hundreds miles.
Author	Julius Honorius
Title	Cosmographia, 19.9
Notes	Ravenna is one of Emilia's oppida
Author	----
Title	De terminatione provinciarum Italiae, 10.59
Notes	The tenth region (Emilia) extends between the Appennine Mountains and Ravenna
Author	Columella
Title	De re rustica, book III, 13
Notes	In the country territory of Ravenna it is forbidden to excavate holes deeper than one feet and a half in order to prevent the interception of springs of water.
Author	Pliny the Elder
Title	Naturalis Historia, book IX, 79.169
Notes	The Ravenna rhombus is one of the main fish dainty dish (I cent. A.D.).
Author	Pliny the Elder
Title	Naturalis Historia, book XIV, 34
Notes	The Ravenna lands are the best for the plantation of spionia or spinea, a species of vines, since they are reinvigorated by the mist and increased by the rain, which are typical of the area (I cent. A.D.).
Author	Pliny the Elder
Title	Naturalis Historia, book XIX, 54
Notes	The Ravenna country-side produces asparagi of incredible dimensions (I cent. A.D.).
Author	Pliny the Elder
Title	Naturalis Historia, book XIX, 150
Notes	The horti of Ravenna are among the best for the cultivation of vines (I cent. A.D.).
Author	Martial
Title	Epigrammata, book III, 56
Notes	Selling water in Ravenna makes more money than selling wine, speaks the Author ironically about “I’d prefer to own a water tank rather than a vineyard in Ravenna, since I could sell water at a much higher price!” (end of I cent. A.D.).
Author	Martial
Title	Epigrammata, book III, 57
Notes	The Author tells how a tavern-keeper has cheated him selling pure wine at the price of wine mixed with water (end of I cent. A.D.).
Author	Martial
Title	Epigrammata, book III, 91
Notes	The Author tells the unpleasant episode happened to a soldier coming back to his Ravenna with the servant Achillas who met a group of disciples of Cibele (end of I cent. A.D.)
Author	Martial
Title	Epigrammata, book III, 93.8
Notes	The Author tells about the song of Ravenna frogs as better than Vetustilla’s voice (end of I cent. A.D.).
Author	Martial
Title	Epigrammata, book X, 51.5
Notes	Flinging a praise of a holiday on the beach of Terracina in the face of Faustino from Ravenna (end of I cent. A.D.).
Author	Martial
Title	Epigrammata, book XI, 21.10
Notes	The Author compares Lydia to the foul throat of the onocrotalus, an aquatic bird of Ravenna area (end of I cent. A.D.).
Author	Martial
Title	Epigrammata, XIII, 21
Notes	The Author praises the wild sparrow and the mollis, the Ravenna aquatic spine, as dainty dish (end of I cent. A.D.).
Author	Plutarch
Title	Parallel Lives – Marius, 2.1
Notes	The Author deems a statue of Marius, in Ravenna, Gallia (Cisalpine), in line with his character (beginning of II cent. A.D.).
Author	Philostratus
Title	Life of the Sophists, 33
Notes	Ravenna is the hometown of the sophist Aspasius, who was highly appreciated from an Emperor (probably Caracalla) (begin  of III cent. A.D.)
Author	Diocletian and Colleagues
Title	Edictum de pretiis rerum venalium, 35.107
Notes	The price of renting is fixed for sea freight between Ravenna and Aquileia (301 A.D.)
Author	---
Title	Notitia dignitatum Occidentis, 11.52 and 42.7
Notes	In Ravenna the prefect militum iuniorum Italicorum with his troops are quartered as well as the prefect classis Ravennatium also having jurisdiction on the city, as well as an imperial procurator for textiles (begin. IV cent. A.D.)
Author	Sidonius Apollinaris
Title	Epistulae, book I, 5.5-6
Notes	Ravenna, rich in watercourses and with a large harbour, was favoured for trading, but the vicinity of the sea and the stagnation of internal waters gave shortage of drinking water and mud everywhere (467 A.D.)
Author	Sidonius Apollinaris
Title	Epistulae, book I, 8.2-3
Notes	In reply to the enthusiasm of his friend Candidianus, the Author reminds him of the unhealthy climate, the irritating mosquitoes and frogs and that in Ravenna everything is upside-down.
Author	Sidonius Apollinaris
Title	Epistulae, book VII, 17.2
Notes	The Author cites his friend, Abraham, who despised the Ravenna populous and marshy countryside (post 467 A.D.).
Author	---
Title	Anonymus Valesianus, 84
Notes	In Ravenna several events are caused by an evil influence: a poor Goth woman gives birth to four dracones, two of which dart off in the sky and then throw themselves into the water, while the others, joined up in a single head, are driven out of the city; a comet stays for about 15 days in the sky; several earthquakes shake the city (about 520/524 A.D.).
Author	Cicero
Title	Pro Balbo, 22/50
Notes	The Author tells how the father of Cneus Pompeus Strabo was the protagonist of citizenship granting to the eques  P. Cesius, even though he was from Ravenna, an only foederata city. (89 a.D.).
Author	Appianus
Title	Civil wars, book I, 89 e 92
Notes	Cecilius Metellus, Silla’s general, assaults and occupies Ravenna from the seaside conquering its territory and winning over to his side the Gallics living in the region. (82 a.D.).
Author	Cicero
Title	Ad Familiares, book I, letter 9.9
Notes	The Author tells Publius Cornelius Lentulo how in Ravenna Crassus incited Caesar against himself (56 a.D.).
Author	Florus
Title	Epitomae, book I, 45.22
Notes	In Ravenna Caesar enrols the troops (52 b.C.)
Author	Cicero
Title	Ad Atticum, book VII, lettera 1.4
Notes	The Author tells how in Ravenna Caesar asked him to intercede for himself with the tribune of the people Celius to present his candidature as consul even if he was out of Rome (52 a.D.).
Author	Cicero
Title	Ad Familiares, book VIII, letter 1.5
Notes	Marcus Celius Rufus tells Cicero that Lucius Munatius Plancus is in Ravenna and in financial straits (51 a.D.).
Author	Caesar
Title	De bello civili, book I, 5.5
Notes	Caesar is in Ravenna waiting for the decision of the Senate and there the people of the tribunes joins him (50 a.D.).
Author	Appianus
Title	Civili wars, book II, 32
Notes	From Britannia Caesar comes with 5,000 infantrymen and 300 cavalrymen to Ravenna, part of his jurisdiction (50 a.D.)
Author	Suetonius
Title	De vita Caesaris, 30-31
Notes	Caesar comes to Ravenna waiting for the decision of the Senat. Meanwhile he shows himself active in normal public affairs such as the approval for the building of a gladiatorial school and the participation in a banquet even if he is actually preparing his crossing of the Rubicon (50-49 a.D.).
Author	Horosius
Title	Historiarum adversus paganos, book VI, 15.2
Notes	Caesar, coming from Gallia, stops in Ravenna waiting for the decision of the Senate and grants audience to the tribunes of the people Marcus Antonius and Publius Licinius Crassus (50 a.D.).
Author	Plutarch
Title	Parallel Lives – Caesar, 32.4
Notes	On the eve of his crossing of the Rubicon, Caesar runs usual activities (while he is in Ravenna, which is not expressly cited) (49 a.D.).
Author	Appianus
Title	Civil wars, book III, 42
Notes	Ottavianus comes to Ravenna where he looks for financial support and enrols soldiers to be concentrated in Arezzo (44 a .D.).
Author	Appianus
Title	Civil Wars, book III, 97
Notes	The assassin of Caesar, Decimus Junius Brutus, considers Ravenna as a getaway towards Macedonia but he is forced to detour because of the presence of Ottavianus on the route (43 a.D.).
Author	Appianus
Title	Civil Wars, book V, 33
Notes	After the repelling in Perugia, Asiunis Pollio, general of Antonius, falls back in Ravenna (41 a.D.).
Author	Appianus
Title	Civil Wars, book V, 50
Notes	Some generals of Antonius, probably also Asiunis Pollio, come to Ravenna to reach the sea (40 b.C.).
Author	Appianus
Title	Civil Wars, book V, 78 e 80
Notes	Ottavianus orders the ships displaced in Ravenna to be moved under Cornificius’ command for the war against Sextus Pompeus and the construction if new ones still in Ravenna (39 a.D.).
Author	Suetonius
Title	De vita Augusti, 49
Notes	In Ravenna Augustus quarters one of the two imperial fleets controlling the Adriatic and the East-Mediterranean sea (fine I cent. a.D.).
Author	Suetonius
Title	De vita Augusti, 20
Notes	Augustus stays in various places, and also in Ravenna, while his generals guide campaigns in Germany and Pannonia (about 15 b.C. – 12 a.D. )
Author	Suetonius
Title	De vita Tiberi, 20
Notes	Tiberius lets the Pannonic leader Batone to reside in Ravenna with splendid gifts expressing gratitude for the support during the war (6 a.D.).
Author	Tacitus
Title	Annales, book I, 58.6
Notes	Arminius’ wife, imprisoned in Ravenna, gives birth to a male (15 a.D.)
Author	Tacitus
Title	Annales, book IV, 5.1
Notes	One of the two fleets watching Italy from the sea is located in Ravenna (23 a.D.).
Author	Tacitus
Title	Annales, book II, 63.4
Notes	Maroboduus, king of the Marcomanni, arrives as host in Ravenna and stops 18 years in spite of his original plans (19-37 A.D.).
Author	Tacitus
Title	Annales, book IV, 29.2
Notes	Vibius Serenus after to have been condamned for his grave charges against the collaborators he takes refuge in Ravenna (24 A.D.)
Author	Pliny the Elder
Title	Naturalis Historia, Book  III, 119-120
Notes	The river Vatrenus, today called Santerno, which flows from the territory of Forum Corneli, getting into the Po river it forms a port near Ravenna where Claudius entered the Adriatic in a enormous vessel to celebrate the triumph over the Britons.
Author	Dio Cassio
Title	Roman History, book LXII, 17.1-2
Notes	The Emperor Nero builds gymnasia on the estates of his aunt Domitia after having ordered to poison her (59 A.D.).
Author	Tacitus
Title	Historiae, book II, 100.2-3
Notes	Vitellius’general, Fabius Valens, makes for Ravenna, where the fleet’s prefect Lucilius Bassus was joining Vespasianus (69 A.D.).
Author	Tacitus
Title	Historiae, book III, 6.2
Notes	Vespasianus’ generals, quartered in Venice, still ignore the recent defection of the Ravenna fleet from Vitellius (69 A.D.).
Author	Tacitus
Title	Historiae, book III, 12.1-3
Notes	Lucilius Bassus convinces the Ravenna fleet to defect from Vitellius to Vespasianus (69 a.D.).
Author	Tacitus
Title	Historiae, book III, 36.2 e 40.1
Notes	Vitellius and Fabius Valens learn about the betrayal of Lucilius Bassus and are astonished about it (69 a.D.).
Author	Tacitus
Title	Historiae, book III, 50.3
Notes	A lot of mariners from Ravenna demand to join the legions and are fulfilled (69 A.D.).
Author	Vegetius
Title	Epitome rei militaris, book IV, 31-32
Notes	One of the fleets quartered in Ravenna, was particularly rapid in reaching the Eastern zones and was leaded by a fleet prefect (I-III cent. a.D.).
Author	Dio Cassio
Title	Roman History, book LXXII, 11.5
Notes	Marcus Aurelius Emperor installs groups of barbarians in the neighbourhood of Ravenna but they attempt quickly to takes possession of the city and are massacred (169-170 a.D.).
Author	Dio Cassio
Title	Roman History, book LXXIV, 17.1
Notes	Septimius Severus captures Ravenna bloodless (193 A.D.).
Author	Scriptores Historiae Augustae
Title	Didius Iulianus, 6.3
Notes	While Iulianius keeps order in Rome with difficultly, Septimius Severus takes possession of Ravenna and his fleet (193 A.D.)
Author	Herodianus
Title	History of the Empire after Marcus, book VIII, 6.5
Notes	The Emperor Pupienus Maximus establishes in Ravenna waiting for Maximinus the Thracian but he is reached by the troops exhibiting the head of the latter (238 A.D.).
Author	Herodianus
Title	History of the Empire after Marcus, book VIII, 7.1
Notes	The Emperor Pupienus Maximus leaves Ravenna towards Aquileia (238 a.D.).
Author	Scriptores Historiae Augustae
Title	Maximini duo, 24.5, 25.2 e 33.4
Notes	While the Emperor Pupineus Maximus is in Ravenna mustering soldiers to face Maximinus the Thracian, he receives the news of Maximinuns’ death, thanks to a fast herald (238 A.D.).
Author	Scriptores Historiae Augustae
Title	Maximus et Balbinus, 11.1-2
Notes	The Emperor Pupineus Maximus is in Ravenna to prepare facing of Maximinus the Thracian, his highly feared antagonist, who is yet defeated and killed by his own troops (238 A.D.).
Author	Eutropius
Title	Breviarium ab Urbe condita, book IX, 7
Notes	The Germans reached Ravenna after Liciunius Valerianius was crowned Emperor and Augustus and his son Gallienus Caesar (264/265 A.D.).
Author	Jerome
Title	Chronicon, Ol. 261, p. Cr. 264/5, Abr. 2276
Notes	The Germans invade Ravenna, while Gallienus amuses (264/265 A.D.).
Author	Horosius
Title	Historiarum adversus paganos, book VI, 22.7
Notes	The Germans invade Italy and reach Ravenna (264/265 A.D.).
Author	Jordanes
Title	De Origine Actibusque Romanorum, 287
Notes	While the Emperor Gallienus lived slothfully, the Barbarians sacked the Empire, especially the Germans and the Alans who sacked Gaul and reached Ravenna, (264/265 A.D.).
Author	Lactantius
Title	De mortibus persecutorum, book XXXVI, 9
Notes	The augustus usurper Maximianus besets the legitimate Caesar Flavius Severus in Ravenna forcing him to surrender and then killing him (307 A.D.).
Author	Aurelius Victor
Title	De Caesaribus, book XL, 7
Notes	The Emperor Galerius drives Caesar Flavius Severus against the rebel Maximianus and his son Massentius, but his troop defects forcing him to suffer the siege in Ravenna (307 A.D.).
Author	Eutropius
Title	Breviarium ab Urbe condita, book X, 2
Notes	The Caesar Flavius Severus driven by the Emperor Galerius to repress Maximianus’ rebellion is abandoned by his soldiers and killed in Ravenna (307 A.D.).
Author	Horosius
Title	Historiarum adversus paganos, book VI, 28.8
Notes	Against Massentius, the Emperor Galerius drives Severus Caesar but he is defeated and killed in Ravenna (307 A.D.).
Author	Zosimus
Title	New History, book II, 10.1-2
Notes	Flavius Severus, driven by Galerius Emperor against Maximianus, is defeated in Milan and refuges in Ravenna where he is deceitfully convinced by Maximianus to leave for Rome (307 A.D.).
Author	---
Title	Anonymus Valesianus, 9
Notes	Severus was appointed Caesar of Italy, Africa and Pannonia but when Massentius rose up, Severus was abandoned from his soldiers and repaired to Ravenna (307 A.D.)
Author	---
Title	Anonymus Valesianus, 10
Notes	The old Emperor Erculius, called by the son Massentius, induces Severus to leave deceitfully Ravenna to imprison him (307 A.D.).
Author	Zosimus
Title	New History, book II, 10.5
Notes	Maximianus Emperor makes a stop in Ravenna to prepare his visit to Constantinus, beyond the Alps (about 310 A.D.).
Author	Jordanes
Title	De Origine Actibusque Getarum, 147
Notes	As soon as Alaricus became King of the Goths, he came to Italy and reached the Candidianus bridge, three miles from Ravenna (400 A.D.).
Author	Procopius of Cesarea
Title	History of Wars, book III, 2.9
Notes	Emperor Onofrius repairs to the fortified city of Ravenna as soon as he knows about the approach of the Barbarians (402 A.D.).
Author	Claudianus
Title	De sexto consulatu Honorii Augusti Panegyricus, 494-498
Notes	The Author describes poetically the movement of the ships in the harbour in relation to the tide (404 A.D.), talking about Honorius’ leaving from Ravenna (404 A.D.).
Author	Zosimus
Title	New History, book V, 27.2-3
Notes	The general Stilicho is in Ravenna to arrange an expedition to dismiss the Emperor Arcadius from Illiria; there he receives two news: a false one announcing the death of the allied King Alaricus of the Visigoths and a true one revealing the uprising of Constantinus in Britannia (407 A.D.).
Author	Philostorgius
Title	Ecclesiastic History, book XII, 1
Notes	The dignitary Olimpus, who is very devoted to Honorius, takes part in the killing of Stilicho in Ravenna (408 A.D.).
Author	Sozomen
Title	Ecclesiastic History book IX, 4
Notes	In Ravenna Stilicho and his son Eucherius are killed, since they are suspected to want take possession of the Empire  (408 A.D.).
Author	Zosimus
Title	New History, book V, 29.5
Notes	General Stilicho riceives a Visigoth legation in Ravenna and then he leaves for Rome (408 A.D.).
Author	Zosimus
Title	New History, book V, 30.1
Notes	The Emperor Honorius decides to visit personally the army in Ravenna (408 A.D.).
Author	Zosimus
Title	New History, book V, 30.3
Notes	The barbarian chief Sarus, roused by Stilicho, encourages tumults among the troops in Ravenna in order to dissuade the Emperor Honorius to reach Ravenna (408 A.D.).
Author	Zosimus
Title	New History, book V, 33.2
Notes	After having met Emperor Honorius in Bologna, general Stilicho comes back to his base at Ravenna without punishing the troops, who were guilty of tumults against the Emperor (408 A.D.).
Author	Zosimus
Title	New History, book V, 34.2-7
Notes	General Stilicho was advised of his condemnation by order of Emperor Honorius and refuges in a church but, with the pledge for a new and then retracted imperial order, he surrenders and is put to death in Ravenna (408 A.D.).
Author	---
Title	Fasti Vindobonenses, sub 408
Notes	In Ravenna, general Stilicho is killed (408 A.D.).
Author	Zosimus
Title	New History, book V, 37.3
Notes	King Alaricus crosses Emilia and passes though Ravenna before stopping in Rimini (408 A.D.).
Author	Zosimus
Title	New History, book V, 39.1
Notes	Rome is reached by the Visigoth Alaricus and expects never sent reinforcements from Ravenna, where Honorius has taken refuge (408 A.D.).
Author	Jordanes
Title	De Origine Actibusque Getarum, 152-153
Notes	King Alaricus with the Visigoths arrives near Ravenna and proposes a pact to the Emperor Honorius who initially refuses but subsequently accepts (408 A.D.).
Author	Procopius of Caesarea
Title	History of Wars, book III, 2.29
Notes	The barbarian general Alaricus and the usurper Attalus move against Ravenna (409 A.D.).
Author	Sozomen
Title	Ecclesiastical History, book IX, 7
Notes	Alaricus exchanges letters with the Emperor in Ravenna while he reaches Rimini (409-410 A.D.).
Author	Sozomen
Title	Ecclesiastical History, book IX, 8
Notes	While the usurper Attalus is threating Honorius in Rimini, massive reinforcements arrive from Constantinople to Ravenna (409 A.D.).
Author	Sozomen
Title	Ecclesiastical History, book IX, 9
Notes	Alaricus reaches Ravenna asking the Emperor for negotiations, but general Sarus, refusing the idea, faces Alaricus and causes his retreat (409 A.D.).
Author	Philostorgius
Title	Ecclesiastical History, book XII, 3
Notes	Alaricus forces down Honorius, thorugh Attalus, in Ravenna, but he is defeated and put in flight two times by the general Sarus, successor of Stilicho, (409 A.D.).
Author	Olympiodorus
Title	)Eklogai£ e)k tw=n )Olumpiodw=rou i(storikw=n lo/gwn (in Fozio) P. 5D
Notes	The usurper Attalus moves to Ravenna to oblige Emperor Honorius to leave the power voluntarily and enters negations without results with the envoy of Emperor Jovianus (409 A.D.).
Author	Olympiodorus
Title	)Eklogai£ e)k tw=n )Olumpiodw=rou i(storikw=n lo/gwn (in Fozio) P. 5E
Notes	In Ravenna the actual power is exercised by the prerson in charge Eusebius who is yet killed by the powerful Allovicus with a stick, in presence of the Emperor (409 A.D.).
Author	Zosimus
Title	New History, book V, 42.3
Notes	For the eighth time, the Emperor Honorius takes up the consulate in Ravenna (409 A.D.).
Author	Zosimus
Title	New History, book V, 44.1
Notes	The senate sends a legation to Ravenna in order to press for the peace between Emperor Honorius and King Alaricus (409 A.D.).
Author	Zosimus
Title	New History, book V, 45.3-4
Notes	The superintendent of the Treasury Heliocrates is removed and takes refuge in a church to escape a possible condemnation (409 A.D.).
Author	Zosimus
Title	New History, book V, 46.1
Notes	The magister officiorum Olimpus falls into disgrace towards the Emperor Honorius in Ravenna and escapes to Dalmatia (409 A.D.).
Author	Zosimus
Title	New History, book V, 47.1-3 e 48.1-2
Notes	A revolt of the soldiers breaks out occupying the harbour and claiming to speak with the Emperor Honorius: instead, the prefect of the praetor Iovius appears, supporting the soldiers’ instances for the removal of some dignitaries. Iovius inquires about, replace them and enters into negotiations for peace with King Alaricus (409 A.D.).
Author	Zosimus
Title	New History, book V, 49.2
Notes	Jointly to Emperor Honorius, the prefect of the praetorium Jovius, swears that he would never stipulate the peace with King Alaricus and the Visigoths (409 A.D.).
Author	Zosimus
Title	New History, book VI, 7,6 e 8.1-3
Notes	The Emperor Honorius is shut up in Ravenna, which is besieged by Alaricus. He is terrified for the menaces of the usurper Attalus but he collects himself when 4,000 soldiers arrive from the East to be quickly employed in the defence of the town walls (409 A.D.)
Author	Horosius
Title	Historiae adversus paganos, book VII, 39.2
Notes	Pope Innocent avoids the sack of Rome because at the time he is by coincidence in Ravenna (410 A.D.).
Author	Zosimus
Title	New History, book VI, 9.3
Notes	King Alaricus retires from Ravenna, thanks to the prefect of the praetorium Iovius who convinces him to close the alliance with the usurper Attalus (410 A.D.).
Author	Zosimus
Title	New History, book VI, 13.1-2
Notes	King Alaricus marches on Ravenna to press Emperor Honorius for the peace, but the barbarian general Sarus intervenes supporting the Emperor (410 A.D.).
Author	Olympiodorus
Title	)Eklogai£ e)k tw=n )Olumpiodw=rou i(storikw=n lo/gwn (in Fozio) P. 8B\
Notes	General Constans enters Ravenna, once elected Consul (414 A.D.).
Author	Olympiodorus
Title	)Eklogai£ e)k tw=n )Olumpiodw=rou i(storikw=n lo/gwn (in Fozio) P. 6B
Notes	Emperor Honorius receives the now powerless Attalus, punishes him and sends him into exile. Then he puts to death the overbearing Allovicus causing the retreat of the usurper Constantinus who was coming to Ravenna to negotiate his surrender (about 419 A.D.).
Author	Olympiodorus
Title	)Eklogai£ e)k tw=n )Olumpiodw=rou i(storikw=n lo/gwn (in Fozio) P. 6D-7
Notes	The removed usurper Constantinus and his son are killed by order of Emperor Honorius, about 30 miles from Ravenna (about 419 A.D.).
Author	Augustine
Title	Epistulae, 201.2
Notes	From Ravenna, the Emperors Honorius and Theodosius II send a letter to the African bishops Aurelius and Augustine against the Pelagians (419 A.D.).
Author	---
Title	Chronica, 75
Notes	Emperor Honorius shares the throne with Constantius (419 A.D.).
Author	Count Marcellinus
Title	Chronicon, sub 419
Notes	In Ravenna, Valentianus junior is born, son of General Constantius and the princess (Galla) Placidia (419 A.D.).
Author	Augustine
Title	De matrimonio et concupiscentia, book II, 1
Notes	The Author tells about the presence of his friend Alipius in Ravenna (420 A.D.).
Author	---
Title	Chronica, 76
Notes	Emperor Constantius dies in Ravenna, when he is consul for the third time (420 A.D.).
Author	Augustine
Title	Sermo 322
Notes	The Author tells about the recent construction of a building dedicated to Saint Lawrence, in Caesarea of Ravenna (ca. 420 A.D.).
Author	Olympiodorus
Title	)Eklogai£ e)k tw=n )Olumpiodw=rou i(storikw=n lo/gwn (in Fozio) P. 13B
Notes	Fortune and disgrace of the Asiatic magician Libanius in Ravenna (ca. 420 A.D.).
Author	Olympiodorus
Title	)Eklogai£ e)k tw=n )Olumpiodw=rou i(storikw=n lo/gwn (in Fozio) P. 14A
Notes	The sudden death of Constantius strengthen the relationship between Galla Placidia and the Emperor Honorius, her brother (421 A.D.)..
Author	Olympiodorus
Title	Eklogai£ e)k tw=n )Olumpiodw=rou i(storikw=n lo/gwn (in Fozio) P. 14B
Notes	By means of Spadusa and Elpidia, Galla Placidia’s nurse, an hostility between the latter and the brother, Emperor Honorius, starts. Finally he sends his sister and nephews to Constantinople, but little after he dies and the power is usurped by Johannes (423 A.D.).
Author	Hydatius
Title	Chronica, 80
Notes	Emperor Honorius dies in Ravenna, after 30 years of reign (423 A.D.).
Author	Socrates
Title	Ecclesiastical History, book VII, 23
Notes	Thanks to divine favour, the general Aspar enters Ravenna and sets Valentinianus III on the throne (425 A.D.).
Author	Olympiodorus
Title	)Eklogai£ e)k tw=n )Olumpiodw=rou i(storikw=n lo/gwn (in Fozio) P. 15C-16
Notes	Despite of Ardabur’s betrayal, his son Aspar together with Candidianus can defeat the usurper Johannes who is killed. The little Valentinianus installs himself on the throne of Ravenna, under the regency of his mother Galla Placidia (425 A.D.).
Author	Hydatius
Title	Chronica, 84
Notes	The usurper Johannes is killed in Ravenna by the troops of Theodosius, leaded by Felix, new commander of the militia, supporting his nephew, the new Emperor Valentinianus III and his mother Galla Placidia (425 A.D.).
Author	Jordanes
Title	De Origine Actibusque Romanorum, 328
Notes	After the killing of the usurper Johannes, Valentinianus is appointed Emperor by his cousin Theodosius II and sent to Ravenna (425 A.D.).
Author	Count Marcellinus
Title	Chronicon, sub 425
Notes	In Ravenna Valentinianus junior is proclaimed Emperor of the West (425 A.D.).
Author	Peter Crisologus
Title	Sermo 128
Notes	The Author, bishop of Ravenna, evokes Saint Appollinaris as the basis of the local Church and a link with the Apostles: he is the first literary evidence of the presence and the cult of Saint Appollinaris in Ravenna (about 425/450 A.D.).
Author	Hydatius
Title	Chronica, 94
Notes	The patrician Felix is killed by rebel soldiers in Ravenna (430 A.D.).
Author	Count Marcellinus
Title	Chronicon, sub 430
Notes	In Ravenna Felix is killed (Valentinianus III patrician and military tutor) (430 A.D.).
Author	Sidonius Apollinaris
Title	Carmina, IX, 296-299
Notes	The Author tells how his friend and poet Merobaudes moved to Ravenna from his fatherland Spain (ca. 435 A.D.).
Author	Count Marcellinus
Title	Chronicon, sub 438
Notes	Emperor Valentinianus III comes back to Ravenna from Constantinople with his wife Eudoxia (438 A.D.).
Author	---
Title	Chronica Gallica, sub 438
Notes	In Ravenna Eudoxia becomes Augusta, empress (439 A.D.).
Author	Merobaudes
Title	Carmina, I.1-24 and II.1-6
Notes	Celebrating the birth of Placidia II, daughter of Emperor Valentinianus III and Eudoxia, the Author decribes the splendour of the ornaments of Ravenna imperial palace (440 A.D.).
Author	---
Title	De Origine Actibusque Romanorum, 328
Notes	Honoria, Valentinianus’ sister, proposes herself to Attila inviting him in Ravenna but she does not succeed in this contact; therefore she proposes herself to the procurator Eugenius. She is discovered and sent to Constantinople (447/452 A.D.).
Author	Constans
Title	Vita Germani episcopi Autissiodorensis, 35
Notes	When the bishop Germanus of Auxerre arrives in Ravenna, despite his attempt to pass unnoticed, he is received by a big crowd, leaded by the bishop Peter, the Emperors Valentinianus III and Galla Placidia, who offers him gifts (448 A.D.).
Author	Constans
Title	Vita Germani episcopi Autissiodorensis, 36
Notes	The bishop Germanus of Auxerre releases miraculously the prisoners jailed asking for mercy (448 A.D.).
Author	Constans
Title	Vita Germani episcopi Autissiodorensis, 37
Notes	The fame of sanctity of the bishop Germanus of Auxerre grows day by day in Ravenna (448 A.D.).
Author	Constans
Title	Vita Germani episcopi Autissiodorensis, 38
Notes	The bishop Germanus of Auxerre resuscitates the son of a certain Volusianus (448 A.D.).
Author	Constans
Title	Vita Germani episcopi Autissiodorensis, 39
Notes	The bishop Germanus of Auxerre exorcises the devil in the son of the chamberlain Acolius (448 A.D.).
Author	Constans
Title	Vita Germani episcopi Autissiodorensis, 41-43
Notes	The bishop Germanus of Auxerre anticipates his death and his last wishes. The whole city of Ravenna takes part in his funeral (448 A.D.).
Author	---
Title	Fasti Vindobonenses, sub 455
Notes	A big fire devastates Ravenna  (455 A.D.).
Author	Jordanes
Title	De Origine Actibusque Romanorum, 335
Notes	As soon as he was appointed Emperor, in Ravenna Leo nominates Majoranus Emperor in Ravenna replacing Valentinianus (who was dead two years before 457 A.D.).
Author	Count Marcellinus
Title	Chronicon, sub 457
Notes	On Leo’s will, Majoranus is elected Emperor of the Western Empire in Ravenna (457 A.D.).
Author	Cassiodorus
Title	Chronicon, sub 461
Notes	The Emperor Majoranus is killed by the barbarian general Ricimerus in Ravenna; in Costantinople the Emperor Leo elects the Lucan Severus as Emperor in this rank (461 A.D.)
Author	Marius
Title	Marii episcopi Aventicensis chronica, sub 461
Notes	While Majoranus was deposed in Tortona by the barbarian Ricimer, in Ravenna Severus was elected Emperor of the Western Empire (461 A.D).
Author	Count Marcellinus
Title	Chronicon, sub 467
Notes	An earthquake shakes Ravenna terrifying the population (467 A.D.)
Author	Jordanes
Title	De Origine Actibusque Romanorum, 338
Notes	After the murder of the Emperor Antemius (472 A.D.), the Eastern Emperor Leo replaces him in Ravenna with his relative Nepotianus (but in real, Olibrius: 472 A.D.), trough his delegate Domitianus
Author	Cassiodorus
Title	Chronicon, sub 473
Notes	In Ravenna, the barbarian general Gundibaduus leads Glicerius to the Imperial seat (473 A.D.)
Author	Jordanes
Title	De Origine Actibusque Getarum, 239
Notes	After only eight months of reign, in Ravenna Glicerius ascends to the throne (473 A.D.)
Author	Count Marcellin
Title	Chronicon, sub 473
Notes	In Ravenna, Glicerius is appointed Emperor, plus praesumptione quam electione (473 A.D.).
Author	Sidonius Apollinaris
Title	Epistulae, book V, 16.1
Notes	The Author informs his friend Papianilla of the arrival of Licinianus, a quaestor coming from the imperial Court of Ravenna (474 A.D.).
Author	---
Title	Anonymus Valesianus, 36
Notes	In the harbour of Rome, the patrician Nepos captures Emperor Glicerius and proclaims himself Emperor immediately reaching Ravenna (475 A.D.).
Author	Jordanes
Title	De Origine Actibusque Getarum, 241
Notes	General Orestes reaches Ravenna by order of Emperor Nepotianus, but there he appoints his son Augustulus Emperor, forcing Nepos to take refuge in Salona (475 A.D.).
Author	---
Title	Anonymus Valesianus, 37
Notes	In Ravenna General Orestes dethrones Nepotianus and nominates his son Romulus, after called Augustulus, who will reign ten years (in reality little more than one: 475-476 A.D.)
Author	Cassiodorus
Title	Chronicon, sub 476
Notes	The barbarian General Odoacer kills General Orestes and his brother Paulus in Ravenna and takes up the office of king without rank and imperial insignia (476 A.D)
Author	Jordanes
Title	De Origine Actibusque Getarum, 242
Notes	The King of Turcilingi, Odoacer, comes to Italy with the Sciri and the Heruli, and he kills General Orestes in Ravenna, at the same time exiling Augustulus, so becoming King of Italy (476 A.D.)
Author	----
Title	Anonymus Valesianus, 38
Notes	The scironian Odoacer comes to Italy and assumes the power after having defeated Orestes in Piacenza and his brother Paulus in the Pineta of Classe (476 A.D.)
Author	---
Title	Fasti Vindobonenses, sub 476
Notes	King Odoacer orders general Orestes to be killed in Piacenza and his brother Paulus in Ravenna (476 A.D.)
Author	Jordanes
Title	De Origine Actibusque Getarum, 243
Notes	King Odoacer kills the comes  Bracila reinforcing his own power (477 A.D.).
Author	Count Marcellin
Title	Chronicon, sub 477
Notes	King Odoacer kills Count Bracila in Ravenna (477 A.D.)
Author	---
Title	Fasti Vindobonenses, sub 477
Notes	King Odoacer arrives in Ravenna and orders the murder of his rival Bracila (477 A. D.)
Author	---
Title	Anonymus Valesianus, 50
Notes	Defeated in Verona, King Odoacer escapes to Ravenna (489 A.D.)
Author	Count Marcellin
Title	Chronicon, sub 489
Notes	King Theodoric conquers Italy, forcing King Odoacer to shut himself in Ravenna; then he persuades him to surrender and kills him after false oaths (489-493 A.D.)
Author	Cassiodorus
Title	Chronicon, sub 490
Notes	King Odoacer shuts himself in Ravenna , after being defeated on the Adda river by king Theodoric, (490 A.D.)
Author	Procopius of Caesarea
Title	History of wars, book V, 1.14
Notes	King Odoacer and his troops take refuge in Ravenna, impregnable for the Goths of Theodoric (490 A.D.)
Author	---
Title	Fasti Vindobonenses, sub 490
Notes	King Odoacer, defeated by King Theodoric, takes shelter in Ravenna (490 A.D.)
Author	Jordanes
Title	De Origine Actibusque Romanorum, 349
Notes	Theodoric, king and consul, arrives in Italy, wins and eliminate Odoacer in Ravenna, wisely governing for 30 years (490-493 A.D.).
Author	Jordanes
Title	De Origine Actibusque Getarum, 293-294
Notes	After the defeat of Odoacer in Verona, King Theodoric camps three miles away from the pine-wood. Despite Odoacer’s night sallies, the King forces him to 3 years besieging and finally to surrender (490-493 A.D.).
Author	---
Title	Anonymus Valesianus, 53
Notes	After the rout on the Adda river, King Odoacer escapes to Ravenna, where he is besieged by King Theodoric quartering at the pine-wood (490-493 A.D.).
Author	Cassiodorus
Title	Chronicon, sub 491
Notes	While besieged in Ravenna, King Odoacer tries to attack Theodoric but he is sternly defeated at the Candidianus bridge (491 A.D.).
Author	---
Title	Fasti Vindobonenses, sub 491
Notes	Once again defeated by Theodoric, King Odoracer takes again refuge in Ravenna, where he is reached by his enemy who besieges the city (491 A.D.).
Author	---
Title	Fasti Vindobonenses, sub 491
Notes	King Odoacer tries to break Theodoric’s siege but he is defeated in battle at the pine-wood  (491 A.D.).
Author	---
Title	Paschale campanum, sub 493
Notes	Theodoric enters Ravenna (493 A.D.).
Author	Cassiodorus
Title	Chronicon, sub 493
Notes	King Theodoric succeeds entering in Ravenna and eliminating Odoacer (493 A.D.).
Author	Procopius of Caesarea
Title	History of Wars, book V, 1.24
Notes	Theodoric’s Goths make a pact with Odoacer aiming at the partition of the city thorough the intervention of the bishop of Ravenna (493 A.D.).
Author	Jordanes
Title	De Origine Actibusque Getarum, 295
Notes	After the victory Theodoric becomes King of the Goths and the Romans (493 A.D.).
Author	---
Title	Anonymus Valesianus, 54-57
Notes	King Odoacer tries a night sally but he is forced to retire suffering severe losses and to transfer to Theodoric his son and the city of Ravenna, in exchange for life. Since he tries to attempt on Theodoric’s life, the latter kills him and orders all his soldiers to be killed. The Goths proclaim Theodoric new King of Italy (493 A.D.).
Author	---
Title	Fasti Vindobonenses, sub 493
Notes	Re Teodorico, dopo aver stipulato la pace con Odoacer, entra in Classe e poi a Ravenna (493 A.D.).
Author	---
Title	Fasti Vindobonenses, sub 493
Notes	After the peace stipulation with Odoacer, King Theodoric enters Classe and, then, Ravenna (493 A.D.).
Author	---
Title	Anonymus Valesianus, 71
Notes	King Theodoric orders restoration of the aqueduct supplying Ravenna, which was built in the age of Trajan, and the construction of his Palace that he could not unveil (493/526 A.D.).
Author	Ennodius
Title	Vita Epifanii, 123
Notes	The bishop of Pavia Epiphanius leaves for Ravenna together with Laurence, bishop of Milan, to ask for Theodoric’s intervention against the Barbarians (495-496 A.D.).
Author	Ennodius
Title	Vita Epifanii, 183 e 191
Notes	The bishop of Pavia Epiphanius had avoided Ravenna as long as possible in order not to receive much praise for his works in Gallia. At the end of his embassy by king Theodoric he, thus, left hurrily on a snowy day (495-496 A.D.).
Author	Jordanes
Title	De Origine Actibusque Getarum, 151
Notes	In place of the ancient harbour, now there is a garden, which is one of the three zones composing Ravenna today: the town, Caesarea and Classe (VI cent. A.D.).
Author	Cassiodorus
Title	Chronicon, sub 502
Notes	King Theodoric takes water again in Ravenna, making the ancient aqueduct restored (502 A.D.).
Author	Ennodius
Title	Epistulae, book II, 17
Notes	The Author mentions how in Ravenna everything is involved in the armed surveillance, his friend Constans included (503 A.D.).
Author	Ennodius
Title	Epistulae, book II, 27
Notes	The Author notes the troubles of his friend Honoratus, who is involved in the armed surveillance of Ravenna (503 A.D.).
Author	Ennodius
Title	Epistulae, book III, 4
Notes	The Author recommends the Abbey Steven to refer to his (spiritual) son Faustus, quaestor in Ravenna, in order to settle a legal dispute, because the judges in Milan are not reliable (504 A.D.).
Author	Ennodius
Title	Epistulae, book III, 10
Notes	The Author tells about the purchases made in Ravenna on the Pope’s account (505/506 A.D.).
Author	Ennodius
Title	Epistulae, book IV, 6
Notes	The Author thanks his friend Agapetus for his work on supply of the armed surveillance of Ravenna (505/506 A.D.).
Author	Ennodius
Title	Epistulae, book II, 25
Notes	The Author tells about his travel to Milan and the stop made in Ravenna, where his beloved friends live, such as the quaestor Faustus. (505/506 A.D.).
Author	Ennodius
Title	Epistulae, book IV, 24
Notes	The Author exhorts his friend Faustus, quaestor in Ravenna, to issue documents caring his conscience more than the armed surveillance of Ravenna (505/506 A.D.).
Author	Ennodius
Title	Epistulae, book VI, 21
Notes	The Author tells about the close relationship with his friend Faustus when he was involved in the armed surveillance of Ravenna (505/506 A.D.).
Author	Cassiodorus
Title	Variae, IX
Notes	At the Senate in Rome, Theodoric regulates the bishop’s goods donated to the Church (507/508 A.D.).
Author	Cassiodorus
Title	Variae, book II, 20
Notes	King Theodoric orders to the saio Wilige to arrange the collection and delivering of provisions to Liguria, a region devastated by natural events and by an enemy invasion (507/511 A.D.).
Author	Cassiodorus
Title	Variae, book III, 9
Notes	King Theodoric orders the citizens of Sestinus to arrange their long time unused marble to be transferred to Ravenna where they will be used for the restoration of old monuments (507/511 A.D.).
Author	Cassiodorus
Title	Variae, book III, 10
Notes	King Theodoric orders the patrician Festus to arrange marbles for moving from Rome to Ravenna, where they will be used to embellish monuments (507/511 A.D.).
Author	Cassiodorus
Title	Variae, book III, 19
Notes	King Theodoric orders to Daniel, a stonecutter specialised in marble tombs, to charge fair prizes (507/511 A.D.).
Author	Cassiodorus
Title	Variae, book IV, 45
Notes	King Theodoric orders the citizens of Pavia to assemble a ship and provisions for five days for a group of Heruli, who will travel from Pavia to Ravenna  (507/511 A.D.).
Author	Ennodius
Title	Epistulae, book VI, 27
Notes	The Author asks Senarius to remind the king, if he stops in Ravenna, that he executes his orders (508 A.D.).
Author	Ennodius
Title	Epistulae, book VI, 16
Notes	The Auhtor reminds Luminosus about the promises for returning money spent by his bishop on the Pope’s account (508 A.D.).
Author	Cassiodorus
Title	Variae, book I, 6
Notes	Theodoric entrusts Agapitus, prefect of Ravenna, with the task of completing the restoration of the Basilica of Hercules with great magnificence (508/509 A.D.).
Author	Cassiodorus
Title	Variae, book II, 30
Notes	In reply to a request of the Church of Milan, King Theodoric speaks about the advantage granted to the Church of Ravenna for a reference buyer merchant benefiting of tax exemption (509/512 A.D.).
Author	Arator
Title	Epistula ad Parthenium, 33-38
Notes	The Author remembers enthusiastically when he lived in Ravenna near his friend Partenius, who used to read books for him (begin. VI cent. A.D.).
Author	Ennodius
Title