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Author |
Strabo |
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Title |
Geography, book V, 1.2 |
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Notes |
Between Rimini and Ravenna, the Adriatic forms a significant curve. |
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Author |
Strabo |
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Title |
Geography book V, 1.7 |
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Notes |
Founded by the Tessali and, then, inhabited by the Umbrians, Ravenna is the biggest city located among the marshes. In fact it is built over the water. There, people move with bridges and boats, but the tide ensures water replacement and makes of it an extremely healthy place. |
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Author |
Strabo |
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Title |
Geography, book V, 2.1 and 10 |
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Notes |
Ravenna is part of the area formerly occupied by the Umbrians and which is still today called Umbria (V century B.C.). |
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Author |
Strabo |
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Title |
Geography, book V, 1.11 |
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Notes |
Ravenna is among the most important cities of the Cispadana (I century B.C.). |
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Author |
Vitruvius |
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Title |
De architectura, book I, 4.11 |
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Notes |
Although located at a short
distance from the swamps, the Gallic cities such as Ravenna have |
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Author |
Vitruvius |
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Title |
De architectura, book II, 9.11 |
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Notes |
The buildings of Ravenna are founded over alder palisades; this is the secret of their resistance to water and endurance (I century B.C.). |
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Author |
Vitruvius |
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Title |
De architectura, Book II, 9.16 |
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Notes |
Going through the Po River, the wood called larignum, which comes from the homonymous castellum of Larigno and with good building properties, arrives to Ravenna (I century B.C.). |
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Author |
Pliny the Elder |
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Title |
Naturalis Historia, book III, 20.115 |
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Notes |
Ravenna, fortress of the Sabini - Sabines, along with the Bedese river is part of the VIII regio (I century A.D.). |
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Author |
Pliny the Elder |
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Title |
Naturalis Historiae, book III, 21.119 |
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Notes |
Ravenna is the terminal of the Augusta hollow, which starts from the Po river. In the city it is known as Padusa, but once it was called Messanicus (I century A.D.). |
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Author |
Pliny the Elder |
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Title |
Naturalis Historiae, book III, 22.127 |
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Notes |
Ravenna was considered as Italy’s ancient border before it was displaced to Istria (I cent. A.D.) |
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Author |
Pliny the Elder |
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Title |
Naturalis Historia, book VI, 218 |
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Notes |
Ravenna is located on the “seventh parallel” (I century A.D.) |
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Author |
Pliny the Elder |
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Title |
Naturalis Historia, book XXXVI, 18.83 |
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Notes |
Ravenna is a good example of a lighthouse which warns against the harbour entrance as well as against the shallows located nearby (I century A.D.) |
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Author |
Silius Italicus |
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Title |
Punica, book VIII, 601-602 |
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Notes |
Poetical mention of Ravenna’s swamp and pond waters (I cent. A.D.). |
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Author |
Dio Cassius |
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Title |
Roman History, book LX, 33 |
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Notes |
The Po River forms in Ravenna a favourable harbour, with a capacity of 250 boats (I-III cent. A.D.). |
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Author |
Vegetius |
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Title |
Epitome rei militaris, book IV, 31-32 |
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Notes |
One of two fleets was settled in Ravenna; it could reach the eastern zones rapidly and was guided by a fleet prefect (I-III cent. A.D.). |
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Author |
--- |
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Title |
Imperatoris Antonini Augusti itineraria provinciarum et maritimum, 126.6 |
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Notes |
Ravenna is located along the itinerary which links Rimini with Aquileia: from this point a boat should be used to get over the septem maria. |
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Author |
--- |
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Title |
Tabula Peutingeriana, segment V, 1 |
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Notes |
Ravenna is the main city of the region, along the coast way between Rimini and Altino, going through Butrium (at six miles) and Ad Novas (eleven miles), at the beginning of Po’s way, that it reaches at Ostiglia. |
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Author |
Zosimus |
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Title |
New History, book V, 27.1 |
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Notes |
Ravenna, the capital city of the Flaminia province, was founded by the Thessalians under the name of Rene because it was surrounded by water. Therefore it was not founded by Remo. |
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Author |
Procopius of Caesarea |
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Title |
History of wars, book V, 1.15-23 |
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Notes |
Ravenna is a little far away from the Ionic Gulf, of which it constitutes an extremity, and well tight up by the surrounding waters; because of tides, at morning, it becomes accessible to many cargo boats but during the rest of the day these must remain far away off-shore (V-VI cent. A.D.). |
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Author |
Procopius of Caesarea |
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Title |
History of wars, book V, 15.19-26 |
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Notes |
Ravenna, where the Ionic gulf terminates, is about eight days of walk from the Tyrrhenian sea and on the border between the territory settled by the Piceni at the south and Venice at the north; the Liguri live behind it. |
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Author |
Jordanes |
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Title |
De Origine Actibusque Getarum, 148 |
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Notes |
Ravenna is located between the Po river, the sea and the marshes and it is like an island between the waters that flow over the Ionic sea; its ancient possessors were called “laudable”. |
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Author |
Jordanes |
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Title |
De Origine Actibusque Getarum, 149 |
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Notes |
Ravenna can be reached by boat from Corfu and Greece and with oars from other parts. To the west it is surrounded by the inaccessible marshes and to the North by the Asconis hollow. |
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Author |
Jordanes |
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Title |
De Origine Actibusque Getarum, 150 |
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Notes |
The Po river surrounds Ravenna also from the south thanks to the channel built by Augustus, at the end of which a large harbour was located. According to the historian Dio Cassius once it could host 250 boats. |
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Author |
--- |
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Title |
Ravennatis Anonymi Cosmographia, I, 17 |
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Notes |
Ravenna is located on the so-called western gulf. |
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Author |
---- |
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Title |
Ravennatis Anonymi Cosmographia, IV, 31 |
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Notes |
Ravenna is a very noble town and the mother-country of the Author. It is located after Adria, immediately before Cesarea and Classe. |
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Author |
---- |
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Title |
Ravennatis Anonymi Cosmographia, IV, 36 |
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Notes |
Some branches of the Po river reach the sea lapping on Ravenna. |
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Author |
--- |
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Title |
Ravennatis Anonymi Cosmographia, V, 1 e 14 |
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Notes |
Ravenna is the datum point of the coastal cities of the Adriatic. |
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Author |
Guy of Ravenna |
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Title |
Geographica, 20 |
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Notes |
Ravenna is the main littoral town, situated between Adria, Cesarea and Classe where the Author displays his works. |
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Author |
Guy of Ravenna |
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Title |
Geographica, 21 |
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Notes |
Cesarea and Classe are located immediately after Ravenna following the order of the coastal Italian cities. |
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Author |
Guy of Ravenna |
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Title |
Geographica, 66 |
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Notes |
Ravenna is the main city of Flaminia. The remains of the martyr Apollinaris can be found there. |
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Author |
Guy of Ravenna |
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Title |
Geographica, 69 e 117 |
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Notes |
Ravenna is the starting point of the coastal towns of Italy, after which Cesarea and Classe come; it is also the point of arrival for the coastal cities of the Eastern Adriatic. |
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Author |
Guy of Ravenna |
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Title |
Geographica, 72 |
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Notes |
Between Ravenna and Reggio Calabria there are seventy-seven coastal towns along one thousand and two hundreds miles. |
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Author |
Julius Honorius |
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Title |
Cosmographia, 19.9 |
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Notes |
Ravenna is one of Emilia's oppida |
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Author |
---- |
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Title |
De terminatione provinciarum Italiae, 10.59 |
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Notes |
The tenth region (Emilia) extends between the Appennine Mountains and Ravenna |
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Author |
Columella |
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Title |
De re rustica, book III, 13 |
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Notes |
In the country territory of Ravenna it is forbidden to excavate holes deeper than one feet and a half in order to prevent the interception of springs of water. |
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Author |
Pliny the Elder |
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Title |
Naturalis Historia, book IX, 79.169 |
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Notes |
The Ravenna rhombus is one of the main fish dainty dish (I cent. A.D.). |
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Author |
Pliny the Elder |
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Title |
Naturalis Historia, book XIV, 34 |
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Notes |
The Ravenna lands are the best for the plantation of spionia or spinea, a species of vines, since they are reinvigorated by the mist and increased by the rain, which are typical of the area (I cent. A.D.). |
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Author |
Pliny the Elder |
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Title |
Naturalis Historia, book XIX, 54 |
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Notes |
The Ravenna country-side produces asparagi of incredible dimensions (I cent. A.D.). |
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Author |
Pliny the Elder |
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Title |
Naturalis Historia, book XIX, 150 |
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Notes |
The horti of Ravenna are among the best for the cultivation of vines (I cent. A.D.). |
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Author |
Martial |
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Title |
Epigrammata, book III, 56 |
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Notes |
Selling water in Ravenna makes more money than selling wine, speaks the Author ironically about “I’d prefer to own a water tank rather than a vineyard in Ravenna, since I could sell water at a much higher price!” (end of I cent. A.D.). |
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Author |
Martial |
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Title |
Epigrammata, book III, 57 |
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Notes |
The Author tells how a tavern-keeper has cheated him selling pure wine at the price of wine mixed with water (end of I cent. A.D.). |
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Author |
Martial |
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Title |
Epigrammata, book III, 91 |
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Notes |
The Author tells the unpleasant episode happened to a soldier coming back to his Ravenna with the servant Achillas who met a group of disciples of Cibele (end of I cent. A.D.) |
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Author |
Martial |
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Title |
Epigrammata, book III, 93.8 |
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Notes |
The Author tells about the song of Ravenna frogs as better than Vetustilla’s voice (end of I cent. A.D.). |
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Author |
Martial |
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Title |
Epigrammata, book X, 51.5 |
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Notes |
Flinging a praise of a holiday on the beach of Terracina in the face of Faustino from Ravenna (end of I cent. A.D.). |
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Author |
Martial |
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Title |
Epigrammata, book XI, 21.10 |
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Notes |
The Author compares Lydia to the foul throat of the onocrotalus, an aquatic bird of Ravenna area (end of I cent. A.D.). |
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Author |
Martial |
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Title |
Epigrammata, XIII, 21 |
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Notes |
The Author praises the wild sparrow and the mollis, the Ravenna aquatic spine, as dainty dish (end of I cent. A.D.). |
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Author |
Plutarch |
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Title |
Parallel Lives – Marius, 2.1 |
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Notes |
The Author deems a statue of Marius, in Ravenna, Gallia (Cisalpine), in line with his character (beginning of II cent. A.D.). |
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Author |
Philostratus |
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Title |
Life of the Sophists, 33 |
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Notes |
Ravenna is the hometown of the sophist Aspasius, who was highly appreciated from an Emperor (probably Caracalla) (begin of III cent. A.D.) |
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Author |
Diocletian and Colleagues |
Title |
Edictum de pretiis rerum venalium, 35.107 |
Notes |
The price of renting is fixed for sea freight between Ravenna and Aquileia (301 A.D.)
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Author |
--- |
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Title |
Notitia dignitatum Occidentis, 11.52 and 42.7 |
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Notes |
In Ravenna the prefect militum iuniorum Italicorum with his troops are quartered as well as the prefect classis Ravennatium also having jurisdiction on the city, as well as an imperial procurator for textiles (begin. IV cent. A.D.) |
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Author |
Sidonius Apollinaris |
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Title |
Epistulae, book I, 5.5-6 |
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Notes |
Ravenna, rich in watercourses and with a large harbour, was favoured for trading, but the vicinity of the sea and the stagnation of internal waters gave shortage of drinking water and mud everywhere (467 A.D.) |
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Author |
Sidonius Apollinaris |
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Title |
Epistulae, book I, 8.2-3 |
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Notes |
In reply to the enthusiasm of his friend Candidianus, the Author reminds him of the unhealthy climate, the irritating mosquitoes and frogs and that in Ravenna everything is upside-down. |
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Author |
Sidonius Apollinaris |
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Title |
Epistulae, book VII, 17.2 |
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Notes |
The Author cites his friend, Abraham, who despised the Ravenna populous and marshy countryside (post 467 A.D.). |
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Author |
--- |
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Title |
Anonymus Valesianus, 84 |
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